Porter states that "the crime [of rape] was principally that of stealing or abducting a woman from her rightful proprietors, normally her father or husband. [citation omitted] Moreover, in the case of a maiden, rape destroyed her property value on the marriage amrket, and...heaped shame on her family. ....Violated daughters might be given as offerings to nunneries, and in many societies they were married off to the abductor or rapists."