While we can see Snowden's experience as an instructional primer on both the value of whistleblowers and the costs of vilifying them, there are elements of his story-fed by the character assassination reprisal tactics of the government-that perpetuate many of the misperceptions about whistleblowers and contribute to the view that whistleblowers are problems to be addressed, rather than potential solutions. Snowden's case also typifies the most egregious manifestations of the institutional belief that whistleblowers are problems to be addressed rather than sources of risk management and mechanisms for promoting compliance-the focus on the "messenger” rather than the "message.”.