A physical system is just that: a physical system. What is systematized is matter itself, and the processes in which the system is realized are also material. But a biological system is more complex: it is both biological and physical - it is matter with the added component of life; and a social system is more complex still: it is physical, and biological, with the added component of social order, or value. ... A semiotic system is still one step further in complexity: it is physical, and biological, and social -and also semiotic: what is being systematized is meaning. In evolutionary terms, it is a system of the fourth order of complexity. (Michael Halliday)

A physical system is just that: a physical system. What is systematized is matter itself, and the processes in which the system is realized are also material. But a biological system is more complex: it is both biological and physical - it is matter with the added component of life; and a social system is more complex still: it is physical, and biological, with the added component of social order, or value. ... A semiotic system is still one step further in complexity: it is physical, and biological, and social -and also semiotic: what is being systematized is meaning. In evolutionary terms, it is a system of the fourth order of complexity.

Michael Halliday

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biological complex complexity component fourth life material matter meaning order physical social step system value

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