Ernesto Grassi quotes
The defects of rationalistic, critical philosophy are much more important than they appear at first sight. By failing to take into account political faculties and the art of eloquence, this philosophy disregards two of the most important branches of human activity. ... Vico formulates this idea clearly in De studiorum ratione: "But this order of studies brings with it the disadvantage for young people, that in the future they will neither show intelligence in civil life, not be able to enliven a speech with characteristic colors and warm it with the fire of emotions.”.
Ernesto Grassi
If Descartes' main aspirations are directed towards a "first truth,” it follows necessarily that the sphere of pure possibilities, and with it the sphere of "probability,” is excluded from philosophy. Thus Descartes ignores, for example, both the art of rhetoric and history, as fields in which "the probable,” rather than the truth prevails.
Ernesto Grassi
We are forced to distinguish between three kinds of speech: (1) The external, "rhetorical speech,” in the common meaning of this expression, which only refers to images because they affect the passions. Since these images do not stem from insight, however, they remain an object of opinion. This is the case of the purely emotive, false speech: "rhetoric” in the usual negative sense. (2) The speech which arises exclusively from a rational proceeding. It is true that this is of a demonstrative character, but it cannot have a rhetorical effect because purely rational arguments do not attain to the passions, i.e., "theoretical” speech in the usual sense. (3) The true rhetorical speech. This springs from the archai, nondeductible, moving, and indicative, due to its original images. The original speech is that of the wise man, of the sophos, who is not only epistetai, but who with insight leads, guides, and attracts.
Ernesto Grassi
The decisive step in Dante's reflections occurs with the assertion that originally, in an unhistorical time before man's revolt against God-symbolized for Dante in the construction of the tower of Babel-there was only a single language for all men. The fragmentation of this original language begins with the erection of the tower of Babel and, what is essential to this, work-the variety of differently structured activities. For Dante work means to convey a meaning to natural things and thereby to transform them with regard to some particular yet unattained goal.
Ernesto Grassi
In the second part of the Phaedrus Plato attempts to clarify the nature of "true” rhetoric. ... it does not arise from a posterior unity which presupposes the duality of ratio and passio, but illuminates and influences the passions through its original, imaginative characters. Thus philosophy is not a posterior synthesis of pathos and logos but the original unity of the two under the power of the original archai. Plato sees true rhetoric as psychology which can fulfill its truly "moving” function only if it masters original images [eide]. Thus the true philosophy is rhetoric, and the true rhetoric is philosophy, a philosophy which does not need an "external” rhetoric to convince, and a rhetoric that does not need an "external” content of verity.
Ernesto Grassi
